Use of a catalyst for reducing the quantity and/or size of particulates in diesel exhaust

ABSTRACT

In the reduction of at least one of the quantity and size of particulates in the exhaust of a diesel engine, wherein said exhaust is contacted with a catalyst, the improvement wherein the catalyst comprises a combination of a zeolite having acidic properties and at least one oxide of a transition metal or rare earth. SO 2  in the exhaust gas is not oxidized to sulfates.

[0001] This invention relates to the use of a catalyst for reducing thequantity and/or size of particulates in the exhaust gas of a dieselengine by means of a bifunctional catalyst containing a transition metaloxide and an acidic zeolite.

[0002] One of the problems of using diesel engines, more particularly todrive motor vehicles, is that they emit particulates which are difficultto prevent from entering the atmosphere.

[0003] A well-known measure widely used to prevent particulate emissionsis to use filters. The disadvantage of filters lies in the danger ofblockage by the particulates after a relatively short operating time.Accordingly, measures have to be taken to regenerate the particulatefilters, for example by brief heating of the filters by suitable devicesto the ignition temperature of the deposited particulates. Devices suchas these are complicated and expensive and are not a practical solution,for example, for diesel-powered automobiles.

[0004] It is also known that the quantity of particulates can becatalytically reduced. Oxidation catalysts containing platinum as activecomponent on aluminium oxide are used for this purpose. The disadvantageof monofunctional noble metal catalysts of this type is that, althoughthey reduce the quantity of particulates in the exhaust gas, they alsohave a strong oxidizing effect on the SO₂ component of the exhaustgases. The resulting formation of sulfate makes the particulateshygroscopic and, under certain conditions, even leads to an increase inthe quantity of particulates. In addition, sulfate particles aredeposited on the catalyst, reducing its effectiveness.

[0005] It is known from a hitherto patent application (P 41 05 534) thatthe quantity of particulates can be reduced without additional sulfateformation. It was found that zeolite-containing catalysts with acidic orcracking properties reduce the quantity and/or size of particulates andthe quantity of hydrocarbons without at the same time oxidizing the SO₂in the exhaust gas to sulfates. The disadvantage is that smallquantities of particulates are still formed, above all at temperatures≦200° C.

[0006] Accordingly, the problem addressed by the present invention wasfurther to reduce the quantity and/or size of the particulates.

[0007] It has now been found that zeolite-containing catalysts whichhave acidic or cracking properties and which additionally contain oxidesof the transition metals distinctly reduce the quantity and/or size ofparticulates in relation to the prior art without at the same timeoxidizing the SO₂ in the exhaust gas to sulfates. Surprisingly, thezeolite catalysts containing the added metal oxides have no oxidizingeffect on the SO₂ in the exhaust gas, even at relatively high exhaustgas temperatures.

[0008] The metal oxide addition also has a favorable effect onparticulate reduction at relatively low temperatures so that particulatereduction is up to 50% greater than in the case of an acidic zeolitecatalyst with no metal oxide addition.

[0009] Now, the present invention relates to the use of a catalyst forreducing the quantity and/or size of particulates in the exhaust gas ofa diesel engine by means of a catalyst which is a combination of azeolite having acidic properties and one or more transition metal oxidesand/or oxides of the rare earths.

[0010] Suitable metal oxide additions are, preferably, TiO₂, V₂O₅,Cr₂O₃, MnO₂, Fe₂O₃, CoO, NiO, CuO, Y₂O₃, ZrO₂, Nb₂O₅, Ta₂O₅, WO₃, MoO₃,La₂O₃, Ce₂O₃, WO₃, etc. or mixtures of these oxides.

[0011] The oxides are preferably added in quantities of 0.1 to 20% byweight and, more preferably, in quantities of 0.5 to 10% by weight.

[0012] Particularly suitable metal oxide additions are TiO₂, V₂O₅, WO₃,MoO₃, La₂O₃ and Ce₂O₃.

[0013] The metal oxides are normally added to the zeolite. In addition,a binder is added so that the mixture may be adhesively applied to asupport (for example of cordierite or of metal) or press-molded to formself-supporting shaped structures. The mixture is homogenized byintensive grinding, for example in stirred ball mills. The mixtures arethen dried to a moisture content suitable for granulation and arepress-molded to form shaped structures in suitable units, for exampleroller-type granulators, extruders. As already mentioned, supports, forexample in the form of shaped structures or monolithic honeycombs, mayalso be coated with a suspension of the active components.

[0014] The zeolite-containing catalysts may also be coated with salts ofthe transition metals or rare earths which may then be thermallydecomposed.

[0015] Zeolites particularly suitable for use in accordance with theinvention include the following structure types: faujasites, pentasils,mordenites, ZSM 12, zeolite β, zeolite L, zeolite Ω, PSH-3, ZSM 22, ZSM23, ZSM 48M EU-1, NU-86, offretith, ferrierite, etc.

[0016] The pentasil type zeolite preferably has an SiO₂ to Al₂O₃ ratioof 25 to 2000:1 and, more preferably 40 to 600:1.

[0017] Zeolites are characterized by the following general formula (I):

M¹ _(2/n)O.xM² ₂O₃ ySiO₂ .qH₂O  (I)

[0018] in which

[0019] M¹ is an equivalent of an exchangeable cation, n standing for thevalency and the number corresponds to the charge equalization of M²,

[0020] M² is a trivalent element which, together with the Si, forms theoxidic skeleton of the zeolite,

[0021] y/x is the SiO2/M² ₂O₃ ratio,

[0022] q is the quantity of water adsorbed.

[0023] In terms of their basic structure, zeolites are crystallinealumosilicates which are made up of a network of SiO₄ and M²O₄tetrahedrons. The individual tetrahedrons are linked to one another byoxygen bridges over the corners of the tetrahedrons and form athree-dimensional network which is uniformly permeated by passages andvoids. The individual zeolite structures differ in the arrangement andsize of the passages and voids and in their composition. Exchangeablecations are incorporated to equalize the negative charge of the latticearising out of the M2 component. The adsorbed water phase qH₂O can bereversibly removed without the skeleton losing its structure.

[0024] M² is often aluminium, but may be completely or partly replacedby certain other trivalent elements.

[0025] A detailed account of zeolites can be found, for example, in D.W. Breck's book entitled “Zeolite Molecular Sieves, Structure, Chemistryand Use”, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1974. Another account, particularlyof the zeolites relatively rich in SiO₂ which are of interest incatalytic applications, can be found in the book by P.A. Jacobs and J.A. Martens entitled “Synthesis of High-Silica Aluminosilicate Zeolites”,Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, Vol. 33, Ed. B. Delmon and J.I. Yates, Elsevier, Amsterdam/Oxford/New York/Tokyo, 1987.

[0026] In the zeolites used in accordance with the invention, M² standsfor one or more elements from the group consisting of Al, B, Ga, In, Fe,Cr, V, As and Sb and, preferably, for one or more elements from thegroup consisting of Al, B, Ga and Fe.

[0027] The zeolites mentioned may contain rare earths and/or protons asexchangeable cations M¹. Other suitable exchangeable cations are, forexample, those of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd and also transition metalcations such as, for example, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, V, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh,Pd, Ag, Ta, W, Re or Pt.

[0028] According to the invention, preferred catalysts are those whichcontain zeolites of the structure types mentioned above, in which atleast part, preferably 50 to 100% and, more preferably, 80 to 100% ofall the metal cations originally present have been replaced by hydrogenions, and which also contain the metal oxide additions.

[0029] The acidic H forms of the zeolites are preferably produced byexchanging metal ions for ammonium ions and subsequently calcining thezeolite thus exchanged. In the case of zeolites of the faujasite type,repetition of the exchange process and subsequent calcination underdefined conditions lead to so-called ultrastable zeolites relativelypoor in aluminium which are made thermally and hydrothermally morestable by this dealuminization process. Another method of obtainingzeolites of the faujasite type rich in SiO₂ is to subject the anhydrouszeolite to a controlled treatment with SiCl₄ at relatively hightemperatures (≧150° C.). As a result of this treatment, aluminium isremoved and at the same time silicon is incorporated in the lattice.Under certain conditions, treatment with ammonium hexafluorosilicatealso leads to a faujasite rich in SiO₂.

[0030] Another method of replacing/exchanging protons is to carry outthe process with mineral acids in the case of zeolites which have asufficiently high SiO₂ to Al₂O₃ ratio (>5). Dealuminized zeolites canalso be obtained in this way.

[0031] It is also known that ion exchange with trivalent rare earthmetal ions (individually and/or in the form of mixtures) which maypreferably be rich in lanthanum or cerium, leads to acidic centers,above all in the case of faujasite. It is also known that acidic centersare formed when polyvalent metal cations are introduced into zeolites.

[0032] The following Examples illustrate the effectiveness of the acidiczeolitic or zeolite-containing catalysts additionally containing addedmetal oxides in particulate conversion and hydrocarbon conversion inexhaust gases of diesel engines. The Examples are not intended to limitthe invention in any way.

[0033] The results were obtained from a diesel engine under theconditions shown in the Tables. The catalysts were coated monoliths 102mm in diameter and 152 mm in length.

EXAMPLE 1

[0034] SE zeolite Y, rare-earth-exchanged acidic zeolite Y with an SiO₂to Al₂O₃ ratio of 4.9 and a degree of exchange of approx. 90% andcontaining 2% WO₃, (based on the zeolite component. Engine Temp. at HCcon- Particulate speed Pme manifold version conversion [r.p.m.] [bar] [°C.] [%] [%] 2000 1 159 26.8 20.4 2000 6 425 33.4 34.9

EXAMPLE 2

[0035] SE zeolite Y, rare-earth-exchanged acidic zeolite Y with an SiO₂to Al₂O₃ ratio of 4.9 and a degree of exchange of approx. 90% andcontaining 2% MoO₃, based on the zeolite component. Engine Temp. at HCcon- Particulate speed Pme manifold version conversion [r.p.m.] [bar][0C] [%] [%] 2000 1 159 22.3 19.5 2000 6 425 30.6 36.1

EXAMPLE 3

[0036] H zeolite Y, dealuminized acidic zeolite Y with a molar SiO₂ toAl₂O₃ ratio of 50 and an addition of 2% WO₃, based on the zeolite.Engine Temp. at HC con- Particulate speed Pme manifold versionconversion [r.p.m.] [bar] [0C] [%] [%] 2000 1 159 34.3 26.3 2000 6 42529.5 36.1

EXAMPLE 4

[0037] H zeolite Y, dealuminized acidic zeolite Y with a molar SiO₂ toAl₂O₃ ratio of 50 and an addition of 2% MoO₃, based on the zeolite.Engine Temp. at HC con- Particulate speed Pme manifold versionconversion [r.p.m.] [bar] [C] [%] [%] 2000 1 159 30.9 21.5 2000 6 42526.7 34.8

COMPARISON EXAMPLE 5

[0038] SE zeolite Y, rare-earth-exchanged acidic zeolite Y with an SiO₂to Al₂O₃ ratio of 4.9 and a degree of exchange of approx. 90% (no metaloxide addition). Engine Temp. at HC con- Particulate speed Pme manifoldversion conversion [r.p.m.] [bar] [0C] [%] [%] 2000 1 159 20.6 15.1 20006 425 27.8 34.0

1. The use of a catalyst for reducing the quantity and/or size of particulates in the exhaust of the diesel engine, characterized in that the catalyst is a combination of a zeolite having acidic properties and one or more transition metal oxides and/or oxides of the rare earths.
 2. The use of a catalyst as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the zeolite having acidic properties corresponds to the following general formula: M¹ _(2/n)O*xM² ₂O₃ .ySiO₂ .qH₂O  (I) in which M¹ is an equivalent of an exchangeable cation of which the number corresponds to the percentage content of M², n standing for the valency of the cation, M² is a trivalent element which, together with the Si, forms the oxidic skeleton of the zeolite, y/x is the SiO₂/M² ₂O₃ ratio, q is the quantity of water adsorbed.
 3. The use claimed in claim or 2, characterized in that the zeolite is of the faujasite type.
 4. The use claimed in claim 3, characterized in that the zeolite is a dealuminized faujasite.
 5. The use claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the zeolite is of the pentasil type.
 6. The use claimed in claim 5, characterized in that the pentasil type zeolite has an SiO₂ to Al₂O₃ ratio of 25 to 2000:1 and preferably 40 to 600:1.
 7. The use claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the zeolite is a zeolite of the mordenite type.
 8. The use claimed in claim 7, characterized in that the zeolite is a dealuminized mordenite.
 9. The use claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the zeolite contains one or more elements from the group of elements of the second main group of the periodic system of elements and/or the rare earth elements as exchanged cations.
 10. The use claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the zeolite contains one or more transition elements as exchanged cations.
 11. The use claimed in claim 10, characterized in that the transition elements are Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, Mn and/or V.
 12. The use claimed in claim 10, characterized in that the zeolite contains Cu as transition element.
 13. The use claimed in claim 1, characterized in that TiO₂, V₂O₅, Cr₂O₃, MnO₂, Fe₂O₃, CoO, NiO, CuO, Y₂O₃, ZrO₂, Nb₂O₅, Ta₂O₅, WO₃, MoO₃, La₂O₃, Ce₂O₃, WO₃ or mixtures thereof are used as the transition metal oxides and/or as oxides of the rare earths.
 14. The use claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the oxides are used in quantities of 0.1 to 20% by weight, based on zeolite. 